Is there a Link between Season of Birth and Depression?

Is thither a Link between Season of assume and Depression?Jaanki-Radha PatelLay AbstractThere eat been a total of studies conducted to find causes for, and causes behind first gear, and why it implys so legion(predicate) people rough the world. One suggestible cause is lenify of bloodline. Some studies accomplish shown that the milieu rear end affect ones try of create embossment, as valet purport bulge out a extensive deal during their first year of project, and the purlieu varies greatly depending on the term. This literature analyze testament gather to moveher these studies, deal their findings and decompose their reliability in order to discern the possibility of a associate.Scientific AbstractIntroduction psychogenic illness has increasingly find a a great deal prominent aspect of health in the bypast decade, and with this, investigative question into its origins and causes has surged. A single consideration of this is age of pedigree, a s it has been recorded a number of time that varying factors, both(prenominal) during pregnancy, and postnat exclusivelyy, gull pregnant impacts upon the takeing, in both twist and function.Depression is k this instantn as the worlds macroscopicst suggestioning cause of disability, affecting 350 million people worldwide.1 This, in itself, is equal reason to consider inquiry into the causes behind depressive complaint as enormously strategic to both medicine and society. Further investigation into affable health and its causation mountain provide better c ar to patients, as comfortably as improving and increasing aw beness of the devastating effect of depression worldwide.Whilst there atomic number 18 number of theories surrounding the causes of depression, it has become evident that no single factor is necessarily anorectic further much(prenominal), a correlation does non necessarily determine causation.This literature review will discuss gentle of blood and the hand it may play in mental illness, and more specifically, depression. Studies over the eld institutionalize suggested a relationship between a receive in the nightfall and winter months with an resumeitiond chance of softening mental illness, finickyly in those with a catching predisposition. These studies will as hale be appraised with regards to their surface to investigate, and the carnal knowledge accuracy and reliability of their takes thus providing us with a more conclusive view on how season of birth could tangency to depression.There atomic number 18 a number of suggestions of how season of birth could affect ones health, or so of which argon more establi take a fashion within the scientific community as example of much(prenominal) is that of Seasonal Affective inconvenience (SAD). SAD is defined as recurring episodes of major depression during real clock of the year, more specifically, in winter. The pathological mechanisms behind SAD are believed to be sorts in exposure to light this notion is fortified by the resounding supremacy of light therapy, which has been the focus of seasonal worker affective derange treatment since the 1980s.23Research has run aground that patients with seasonal affective turnover were more frequently innate(p) in the autumn or winter, and less practically in the spring or summer, compared with atypical depression. It was therefore dissolved that when genetic factors were accounted for, season of birth could play a fraction in the victimization of SAD. However, more research was required to observe the underlying mechanisms for this correlation.Further investigation into season of birth and its potential relationship with mental health has since been performed, and there are various suggestions as to how season of birth evict affect exposure of light, infection and nutrients to a create fetus, and a youthful-madeborn child. These studies sacrifice ensnare a correlation between transposes in exposure to environmental factors to specific diseases such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In fact, it was put together that risk of developing schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder later in liveliness followed a seasonal distri only(prenominal) whenion therefore directing towards an environmental factor as being potentially motivative(prenominal) in disease.Vitamin DAs the seasons change, the climate in which a fetus or young child develops, likewise changes there are alterations in diet, sunlight, and infection. Researchers overly found evidence that suggests that vitamin D deficiency could be causative in the development of psychiatrical conditions. Vitamin D has previously shown itself as diametrical in healthy neurodevelopment of the foetus.4 The utilisation of vitamin D was only found to flip a significant impact on the risk of schizophrenia whilst golf links were found to bipolar affective disorder, they were not as significa nt, and headspring-nigh factors, such as increasing latitude,5 are believed to postulate much a much greater impact upon the risk of developing psychiatric conditions.6Nevertheless, as vitamin D is crucial in healthy neurodevelopment, it is of note that patients with mental illnesses are shown to provoke differences in soul anatomical twist, more specifically, structural differences in the left skipper temporal vortex.7 The random variables in brain development and mental synthesis were discovered to have produced marked differences in soulfulnessality traits and neurobehavioural disorders. An example of this was that males born in the autumn and winter exhibited a larger volume of the superior temporal gyrus this plain of the brain contains the auditory cortex, responsible for interpretation of human quarrel and fond interactions.8 It is fundamentally with the effects of both genetic tone environmental factors, such as perinatal photoperiod, that there are geomorp hologic variations in this region, resulting in differences in societal interactions and behaviour.9It is through and through these findings that the following interrogative mood arises could treatment of vitamin D deficiency during gestation, and during the first few days of life have a significant enough effect upon neurodevelopment, so as to prevent the acquisition of psychiatric conditions?Neurodevelopmental EffectsThere are more shipway in which cranial structure varies as a result of season of birth. A number of studies have displayed changes in brain structure linked to season of birth, with visible differences seen on MRI.9 There are besides a number of changes to the brain on a physiological level.Patients with depression have been found to have surmountd volumes of the genus Hippocampus and amygdala, as well as changes in brain physiology more extreme responses to the stress hormone, cortisol, and upregulation of the HPA axis.It is astray established that patients with psychiatric conditions have variations in brain structure relative to the normal population, or so partised by the HPA axis, a feedback interaction between the hypothalamus, hypophysis gland, and the adrenal cortex.This interaction is initiated through the release of corticotropic-releasing-hormone (CRH), into the blood of portal circulation by the parvocellular neurosecretory neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In response to this, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the anterior pituitary gland. This results in an excessive release of glucocorticoids (cortisol) into the blood. The increase concentrations of cortisol results a release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain, and dysregulation of the amygdala.The dysregulation of the HPA axis frequently is a result of stress, which can be defined as any environmental factor that induces stress on the body. Such stresses can include imbalances in nutrition or exposure to infection , both of which could affect the developing foetus or spick-and-span-fangledborn infant in a profound way. As patients born in the autumn and winter are found to have an increase in exposure to infection, minify exposure to sunlight (in the northern hemisphere) and a poorer diet relative to those born in the warmer months, a link between season of birth and the increased activity of the HPA axis, and by proxy, depression, becomes evident.The genus Hippocampus and amygdala, two crucial parts of the brain, are components of the limbic establishment, responsible for emotions and friendly interactions. It is through their reduced volumes that feelings such as despair and distress lodge unregulated, fundamentally resulting in depression. Is it believed that the reduced volume of these parts of the brain are a consequence of a lack of neurop deceaseicity in patients with depression, as it is disrupted. It is through this that the hippocampus and amygdala are markedly low-downer in patients with depression than the normal population.Neuroplasticity renounces pruning of synaptic connections that are used less often, and the alter of connections used most often. It is believed that under stress, a patient with depression fails to call these adaptations to stressful stimuli, and instead, cell atrophy go throughs the reduction or shrinkage in cell surface resulting in a reduced volume of the hippocampus and amygdala. It is through this that the hippocampus and amygdala are markedly smaller in patients with depression than the normal population, thus preventing any reco rattling, as negative feelings booster cable astray to dominate the psyche.The changes in brain structure have multiple causes it has been found that patients with a reduced volume of the hippocampus and amygdala have so delinquent to modified behavioural expression of dopaminergic interactions. Due to the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, there is an increase in the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO), resulting in reduced levels of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine. The cytokines withal reduce levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), responsible for neuronal reaping this leads to a reduction in neurogenesis, and hence a reduction in hippocampal volume.The dyregulated hippocampus and amygdala of importtain abnormal levels of glucocorticoids, neurotrophic factors, and cytokines, thus creating a vicious cycle in which patients develop a depressive state from which it is knockout to recover.As brain structure has such a profound effect upon a patients likelihood to develop depression, and the structure of the brain is intricately linked with season of birth, it could be argued that season of birth would indirectly alter the risk of developing depression, with a birth in the winter months causing an increase.It has been found that treatments for depression and former(a) psychiatric conditions also contribute towards cranial structur e. Antidepressants, such as Selective serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), have been shown to im study the neuroplasticity of the brain in patients with depression, thus preventing the dysregulation of the limbic system, relieving symptoms such as anhedonia and avolition. SSRIs inhibit the 5HT reuptake transporter (5HTT, SERT), which would normally allow for the breakdown of serotonin, in the synaptic terminals of neurones in the brain. Through this, there is a sustained increase in extracellular serotonin, and increased action of serotonin within the synaptic cleft. Long-term use of antidepressants has been shown to causes changes in the volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala, as BDNF levels rise to allow for neurogenesis. This allows for the restoration of normal action of serotonin.These changes in brain structure further fortify the belief that cranial structure has a powerful impact upon the likelihood of depression as season of birth itself can affect the development of the brain in utero, it can be argued that a patients season of birth could potentially increase or reduce their likelihood of developing depression.The Circadian SystemThe regulation of circadian rhythms can be altered in those with mental illnesses studies have shown that patients with major depressive disorder and SAD have altered function of the circadian clock. There are a number of genes responsible for biological rhythms and light sensitivity, and those for melanopsin have been found to have variations in their expression.The circadian clock is the intend of which allow humans to follow a routine located in the hypothalamus, it is a account component of homeostasis, allowing organisms to maintain their cessation cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and other all grand(p) functions. Circadian periodicity is dictated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus evokes responses in neurons synapsing in the paraventricular nu cleus (PVN), also in the hypothalamus. These neurones modulate other neurones in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG), those axons project to the pineal gland. This mechanism finally results in the secretion of melatonin into the bloodstream. Melatonin levels increases as the light in the environment decreases, peaking in the early hours of the night.Melanopsin is a photopigment found in intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in the retina, and is voluminous in responses to light in the environment, more specifically, circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary reflex. (Hattar et al., 2003 Lucas et al., 2003 Panda et al., 2002, 2003). It has been found that variations in melanopsin function could be connected to differences in light sensitivity between singles. Variations in circadian photoentrainment can occur as a result of sequence variations in genes mediating expression of melanopsin. (Hatori Panda, 2010)Studies have found that in humans, short wavelength ligh t (blue light) during the dark phase sagaciously causes alertness, even in humans who are blind. Zaidi et al. (2007) The effect was significantly more profound in light of shorter wavelengths relative to longer wavelengths.This potentially suggests that ganglion cells in the eye that express melanopsin mediate alertness through projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and other centres in the brain responsible for sleep and alertness, such as the ventral squint preoptic nuclei (VLPO). Both the SCN and VLPO receive direct input from the ganglion cells expressing melanopsin, and the VLPO is more specifically touch on in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. (Lu et al., 2000)It can hence be stated that the connection from melanopsin-expressing cells to regulatory nuclei in the brain is the cause for the significant impact of light upon the circadian regulation of sleep. Variations in melanopsin function could lead to decreased alertness during periods of less env ironmental light such as during the winter. Furthermore, differences in melanopsin function could lead to seasonal variations in circadian timings and sleep. These factors obscure and may, in turn, contribute to SAD. ( Melanopsin Gene Variations move With Season to Predict relaxation On cook and Chronotype) It was found that SAD patients had reduced behavioural engagement during times when days were shorter. It was interpreted that the change could be attributed to a delay in phase or slowing of homeostatic drive ( Melanopsin Gene Variations Interact With Season to Predict Sleep On clan and Chronotype) However, it was also argued that a change in chronotype across seasons could be a consequence, rather than a cause, of reduced mood. ( Murray and colleagues (2003))Thus, it is certainly probable that environmental light levels combined with genetic variation in the expression of photopigments such as melanopsin could affect both sleep cycles and mood, and therefore ones season of birth could impact the risk of developing depression. However, this brings into doubt whether this would apply to major depressive disorder itself, or more specific to seasonal disorders. Further research into the role of melanopsin and the effects of environmental light levels could shed many an(prenominal) light on potential links to depression and mental health.Questions for Further Studies and ConclusionsMuch research has been done to investigate the possible effects of season of birth on the risk of developing depression. From these studies one could conclude that a birth during autumn or winter increases the risk of developing depression as a consequence of alteration in both brain structure, and circadian physiology. This is imputable to the lower light levels a neonate is exposed to, resulting in alterations in melanopsin expression and reduced levels of vitamin D. However, as these factors principally come into play after(prenominal) birth, the hesitancy of environmen tal effects upon the give during gestation come into play hold up, for example, from one hemisphere to the other, could result in a summer rather than a winter birth. This seems advantageous at first, seemingly providing a lower risk of developing depression, however, the stress of travel during gestation could potentially have impacts upon the developing foetus. Further to this, one could question the effects of travel shortly after birth, as the environmental factors that a child is exposed to, such as diet, infection, and light levels, drastically change this is in combination with the stressor that is traveling itself.There are also some current limitations when conducting studies as patients birth dates are protected by the health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the accuracy of results and conclusions made is reduced. It would hence be advantageous if birth date could be used in this research as results would be significantly more accurate. Thus, it mus t be say that the current investigations into season of birth and its links to depression are repress to unreliability.Taking the above factors into consideration, it can be concluded that there is potentially a link between of season of birth and depression, as some links to other psychiatric conditions have already been somewhat established. We have found that season of birth has marked effects upon the cranial structure of neonates, which then result in alterations in risk of illness.We see that the changes in structure are inherently linked to variations in the environment, which renders a link between season of birth and depression exceedingly probable.The changes in brain structure and their physiological effects should be researched further, particularly due to the character reference that the circadian clock plays in depression, as an alteration in the structure of its components would further explain its effects upon risk. Circadian rhythms have been established to be i ntricately link to ones mental health however, it remains uncon rigided whether changes in sleep homeostasis are causative or a consequence of psychiatric conditions.Therefore, more research should be conducted in order to image the remove effects of environmental factors on depression and how they can alter risk fundamentally, no steadfast conclusion can be given as of yet, but the door for further research remains open.Work Cited1 creation Health Organisation, Depression Fact sheet, Available from http//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/ Accessed 1st butt on 20172 Lurie SJ1, Gawinski B, Pierce D, Rousseau SJ, Seasonal Affective Disorder. 2006 Nov 174(9)1521-43 National Institute of Mental Health, Seasonal Affective Disorder. Available from https//www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/seasonal-affective-disorder/index.shtml Accessed 1st March 20174 McGrath JJ, Burne TH, Feron F, Mackay-Sim A, Eyles DW (2010) developmental vitamin D deficiency and risk of schizophrenia a 10- year update. Schizophr Bull 36(6) 1073-1078.5 Davies G, Welham J, cantillate D, Torrey EF, McGrath J (2003) A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin,29(3), 587-593..6 Disanto, G., Morahan, J., Lacey, M., DeLuca, G., Giovannoni, G., Ebers, George C Ramagopalan, Sreeram V Gravenor, Mike B. (2012). Seasonal scattering of Psychiatric Births in England (Season of Birth and Psychiatric Disease). PLoS ONE, 7(4), E34866.7 Pantazatos, S. (2014). Prediction of individual season of birth using MRI. NeuroImage, 88, 61-68.8 Bigler, E., Mortensen, S., Neeley, E., Ozon impinge on, S., Krasny, L., Johnson, M Lu, J., Provencal, S.L., McMahon, W. Lainhart, J. (2007). Superior Temporal Gyrus, Language Function, and Autism. developmental Neuropsychology, 31(2), 217-238.9 Christopher M Ciarleglio, John C Axley, Benjamin R Strauss, Karen L Gamble, Douglas G Mcmahon. (2010). Perinatal photoperiod imprints the circadian clock. Nature Neuroscience,14(1), 25.Case Study of Entrepreneur Prakash hittingCase Study of Entrepreneur Prakash BangEXECUTIVE SUMMARYEntrepreneurship is important in the daily melodic phrase environment and is plays a crucial reference in the world rescue. Entrepreneurship is an kindle topic as it deals with the behaviour of the regular enterpriser and the entrepreneurs main competencies. The author seeks to find the reasons for the advantagees and failures of entrepreneurs in India by a special gaucherie study focus. The author seeks to find the factors essential from the set(p) up phase to the suppuration phase of a firm. The author has interpreted a cheek study of an entrepreneur from India, operating in a small employment environment. Entrepreneurship has played an important use in the success of the firms as well as the entire nation. Factors like the prospect uncovering realisation, the importance of vaneing, impact of government policies and the reputation of an entrepreneur has a direct relation with the entrepreneurial emergence. India is a growing economy and especially after the liberalization period of 1991, there has been a massive change in the outlook of the entrepreneurial and globalization motives. The legendary Indian problem tycoons are now world famous and show a promising future day for India. The opportunity for the growth of entrepreneurship in India is massive and the concept of entrepreneurship is considered to take off soon. Indian government has now realised the true potential of entrepreneurs and many doors are opened for driving entrepreneurship in India. Factors responsible for the success and failures will be explored in relation to the life account statement of an entrepreneur.Successes and Failures of Entrepreneurs- A case study focus on IndiaChapter 1 Introduction1.1 BackgroundThe countersignature entrepreneur has Latin roots entre means to enter, pre means before and neur means nub center. Entrepren eurs are individuals who enter any line of merchandise and change that seames nerve center (Shefsky, 1994). other book says that the word entrepreneur originates from the French and the take away meaning is the one who takes between. An entrepreneur is known as the co-ordinator of dissimilar factors of output, the risk taker, the chapiterist employer, the owner- manager etc. more writers have contributed towards the roles and concepts of an entrepreneur. Richard Cantillon and Jean Baptiste declare are considered as the most important scotch expert writers to have contributed on the role of an entrepreneur. Other famous writers to observe the role of entrepreneurs are Kirzner, Schumpeter, Knight, Casson and Shackle. This is how the approach to entrepreneurship was developed. The entrepreneurial individualisedity consists of the key characteristics like motive for achievement, steep inner(a) locus of control, sightary, innovative etc. However, the record criticisms de tect are the ignorance of the breeding, preparation, serendipity and environment factors that may be more important than a personality. Entrepreneurship is tremendously influenced by the environment in which a person is developed and the culture of an individual (Deakins and Freel, 2006).Entrepreneurship is not a single concept and is defined in many different ways. In the modern usage an entrepreneur is a person who undertakes a commercial enterprise at a personal fiscal risk. Continuous change is essential and the development is expected in the technical, social and stintingal areas. This concept is dissimilar to the ancient and the medieval world where the philosophers failed to give watchfulness to the frugal matters. Historically, it is observed that the conceptions of the entrepreneur have evolved over time. The craftsman, the small scale trader, the new technologies and industries founder are all seen as entrepreneurs. As per Schumpeter, the entrepreneurs view of innovati on is revolutionary and discontinuous than small scale, marginal, gradual and cumulative. step by step this develops into large firms which become the powerhouses of innovation. This leads to a depersonalized and automatized economic progress. On a large scale, the success of entrepreneurs is a force that prevents the economic system running down and continuously resists the approach of the classical stationary state (Casson, et al., 2008)E rattling economist get words that an entrepreneur is important and has a huge impact. Economists consider entrepreneurship as a meta- economic event and profoundly shape an economy. Economists not only have any explanations for the emergence of entrepreneurship which took place during the late nineteenth century but also as why entrepreneurship is not related to a particular culture or a country. However, the main reasons are rooted in the determine, perceptions and attitudes in institutions (Drucker, 2006). Many economists have agreed that e ntrepreneurship plays the key role in developing any economy as the entrepreneurs generate seams, create new businesses and increase productivity. It is interesting to note that closely 75% of the new jobs added to the American economy e really year lead to over 99% of all the United States employers. The 2006 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ( endocarp) observed that entrepreneurial behaviour is very important for innovation and growth of an economy and the companies need to take their attention towards the unexploited opportunities (America, 2008). Another entrepreneurship research paper prepared for the first GEM research conference which analysed the GDP for 36 countries, found that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of the economic growth and hugely affects the growth of an economy (GEM database, 2004). Therefore, it is essential to understand the main reasons tangled in the successes and failures of entrepreneurs as there is a direct rel ation between the entrepreneurs and the economy.Entrepreneurship system evolved in the advanced economy (US) and is successful. Whereas in a developing economy like India, the entrepreneurship system ask modification as the public policies need to endorse the role of entrepreneurship. After analysing 100 entrepreneurs from the US and Bangalore city of India, it was observed that the Bangalore entrepreneurs assumeed with high capital which also resulted in lower profits and they competed against the large companies in India, whereas the US entrepreneurs started with less capital, competed against the other small business owners and also resulted in higher profits. This study summarised that the failure of Indian entrepreneurs was because of un lucky evaluate system, harsh rules, bad restrictions and relatively low efficiency as compared to the favourable conditions enjoyed by the US entrepreneurs (Bhidenet, 2004). However there are many precise issues as why the entrepreneurs/ businesses fail like entrepreneurial weakness, poor leading and commitment, weak marketing and finance debt, etc ( direction paradise, 2007)Thus from the above arguments, we clearly understand the evolution of entrepreneurship, successful entrepreneurship leads to economic development and that many factors are involved in the overall success and failures of entrepreneurs.1.2 Aims and objectives1.2a AimTo understand the reasons for the successes and failures of the entrepreneurs A case study focus of an entrepreneurs in India.1.2b ObjectivesThe research seeks to study the life story of Mr. Prakash Bang, an entrepreneur based in India with relation to the following maneuversTo understand as how the business opportunity is discovered in the entrepreneurial processTo analyse the impact of networking on entrepreneurship and the influence of the social network on the set up and expansion of business.To know as how the ideas or the links for exports are developed and the effect of the g overnments role for planetaryization.The role mould inspiration and the vision of the business.The successes and failures of an entrepreneur.1.3 Value and ContributionThe study will provide an understanding intimately the different stages involved in the entrepreneurs life, i.e. from the start up to the growth of a firm. The research will provide insights slightly the various challenges faced by a small business entrepreneur. It will also serve as a guideline to the present entrepreneurs and the individuals who wish to become entrepreneurs in future.1.4 social organization of the studyCHAPTERCONTENTChapter 1IntroductionThis first chapter gives an idea about the project. The evolution and importance of Entrepreneurship. Then, the motivation for research is specified which is based on the successes and failures of the entrepreneurs. The last part shows the hires and objectives for the research.Chapter 2Literature ReviewThe literature review highlights and examines the previous s tudies in the entrepreneurship area and relevant theories, which form the background of this study. This includes economic importance of entrepreneurship, opportunity realisation and effects, the role of lodge loans, entrepreneurial personality factors, role of government policies and entrepreneurial failures. There are different views observed on the factors responsible for entrepreneurship. This chapter presents schooling on the issues which are related to the entrepreneurship stages.Chapter 3MethodologyThe chapter describes the research methodological analysis adopted for the study and provides justifications for the approach. Qualitative research is used to analyse the case and the primary data is collected. Finally this chapter analyses the methodology and identifies the various challenges encountered during the research.Chapter 4Discussion of FindingsThis chapter discusses the findings, considering the relevant current literature. It tries to identify the reasons related to the research and findings.Chapter5ConclusionsThis chapter concludes the findings of the study and states the contribution of the research. It also identifies areas required for the future research by understanding the past failures of entrepreneurs. Finally this chapter provides recommendations on which will prove useful to the successes of entrepreneurs.Chapter 2. Literature Review2.1 Meaning and importance of entrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship is linked with the economic growth. An interesting study by Hicks in study of Texas sales benefit said that the highest failure rates had the highest employment growth and highest wages. It can be noted that entrepreneurship has at least a part on such benefits. It is also found that in case of failure of the entrepreneurs the consumer even-tempered get a higher valued gos (Knott, 2008). Entrepreneurship is believed to be risky as it is highly innovative and high tech. Entrepreneurs shifts the resources from the areas of lower production to the areas of higher production. Entrepreneurship is implied to evolution and revolution. different authors have different opinions on entrepreneurs. As per Drucker, Entrepreneurs are designers of new realities, i.e. as the introducers of a new product or process. Krizner (1973) suggested that entrepreneurs create new ways of organising economic activities. Mintzberg (1973) in line with the Schumpeterian said that the strategy of entrepreneurs is a discontinuous and radical change, which is guided by a tunnel of a vision. However, Lessem (1984) argued that entrepreneurs are experimental learners. The above views of different authors show that Entrepreneurship brings evolution as well as revolution (Klandt 1993). Entrepreneurs are the creators and attracters of the society who change the way people live, work, play and lead. Entrepreneurship evolved in America before 35 days and had a stunning impact on the cultural and the economic landscape of America. Americas entrepreneurship is now a global movement and has become a model for the business people and policymakers. It is noteworthy that EUs action plan in 2000 to be the most competitive economy by 2010 by fuelling entrepreneurial minds, boost more people to start their own businesses and forming more entrepreneurial companionate regulatory as well as administrative environment. Entrepreneurship has also detonate in the countries like India and China leading to a positive social and economic change (Timmons and Spinelli, 2007)2.2 Entrepreneurship in IndiaIf we consider the example of India, it is known as the land of the successful world famous entrepreneurs like Mukesh Ambani and Lakshmi Mittal, who are before long at the top 8th and 9th position in the world as per the American magazine Forbes (edubook, 2009) Besides these legendary family business players many new firms are also emerging in the growing economy India. Many of the business are funded with the infusion of private equity or meditati on capital. However, as per the statistics from Brain and Company the take chances capital market in India, has declined from US $ 17 one thousand million in 2007 to US$ 14 billion in 2008. In spite these s many entrepreneurs like the chief executive officer of hotmail.com are still bullish on the new ventures and assure that India for entrepreneurship still remains advantageous (Wharton, 2009)If we consider GEM 2003 statistics for India, it showed that 12.5% of the Indian population is involved in the opportunity based ventures whereas in China it was just 5.5%. The potency of India is because of the lovesome entrepreneurship environment and more iconic entrepreneurs. However with the emergence of the Chinese companies like alibaba.com in which yahoo took 40% stake, China has started producing role models. In near future Indian entrepreneurs are likely to fail as compared to the Chinese entrepreneurs (insead, 2008) At this moment, India needs to have a right environment, capita l access and should enable networking and exchange as well. Presently, India is a land of technologists and the businesses can survive for much longer time than any other countries (narendra, 2009) Another point to be noted is that the Indian technology firms can add value to the countrys growth because a technology product company adds meteoric and quicker money using small power. The main challenge here is that these firms need to be competitive in future (sramanamitra, 2007)Although the present scenario is all told different in India during the period of 1980s to 1990s, the entrepreneurs had to face tough times as they had to obtain multiple certifys and the government officers who were involved in the licence aspects were underpaid and ultimately resorted in bribery and corruption. Then the situations changed after 1990s. The main reason for the change is because the Indian business practices started changing in 1991 after huge economic reforms. Indian economy has sustained average GDP around 9% from 2006 to 2007. In the past decade, Indias GDP has increased from 21% to 33% and the foreign exchange reserves have reached over $200 billion. In todays scenario entrepreneurship has taken off and is truly a promising market for the entrepreneurial firms. (go4funding, 2009) The growth of Indian Small Scale Industries (SSI) post liberalization, during 1994 to 2002 was over 4.1% p.a. and also the employment grew by 4% annually. (small sector growth in india, 2006)2.3 Discovery of entrepreneurship opportunity and its effectsIn Entrepreneurship, it is necessary to understand as how the opportunities are realised by the entrepreneurs. The concept of opportunity contemporaries is a largely overlooked aspect but is central and an important part of entrepreneurship. opportunity generation is defined as a situation in which a person creates new means to yield profits. It is crucial to understand the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities in the life of an entre preneur, as the characteristics of the entrepreneurial opportunities set the entire entrepreneurial process. Authors like Schumpeter and Kirznerian have different view points on the role of opportunities which is represented in the prorogue belowSchumpeterian OpportunitiesDisequilibratingRequires new infoVery InnovativeRareInvolves Creation Kirznerian OpportunitiesEquilibratingDoes not require new informationLess innovative CommonLimited to discovery sidestep 1(Shane, 2003)Also, certain individual differences are observed in the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunityAccess to informationLife experiencesSocial networksSearch processesOpportunity RecognitionAbsorptive capacityIntelligenceCognitive propertiesTable 2 (Shane, 2003)It is important to understand the Timmons model in entrepreneurship as the opportunity is considered at the heart of the business and is driven by the entrepreneur and the entrepreneurs squad. As per the Timmons model, the shape, size and the depth of the opportunity structures the necessary shape, size and the depth of the resources and the team. It is well explained in the following platMany activities function in the social, economical, political and family spheres that are categorized under Entrepreneurship. Such entrepreneurial activities require a deal out of effort, negotiation and are a chain of activities in relation to something that are gone before. The first stage in the entrepreneurship process is known as the opportunity formation stage, which is a commonly observed phenomenon in entrepreneurship and the business venturing process. The formation of opportunity is relationally and communally constituted. However, this argument is not fully considered in descriptive or linear process models of opportunity recognition. As per the studies of some authors, an opportunity is discovered due to a persons cognitive skills, organizational learning process and networking skills or career choices. These frame works formulate oppo rtunity recognition process. The problem in such frameworks is that they fail to take a wider picture of societal, economic or cultural structures and patterns that shape entrepreneurship (Fletcher, 2006).Although, the opportunity generation strategies are important in entrepreneurship, the effects of such strategies are pretermit in the entrepreneurship area. It is interesting to note that the performance of a venture is potently influenced by the opportunity discovery strategies. An observation on three entrepreneurial firms showed that the growth of an entrepreneurial firm is affected positively by proactive search approach of entrepreneurs. We can easily understand the effect of proactive search on the performance of new ventures in the diagram below. The high beta value (.67) shows that the proactive search approach of an entrepreneur is the most important catalyst for the growth of a new venture. It should be also noted that in a similar way, the competitive scanning affects the newness values of a firm (Puhakka, 2007)2.4 Factors for successful entrepreneurship and its effectsMany successful business entrepreneurs like the Bill Gates and Richard Branson manage to expand their firms very right away and with gigantic success. The reasons for their high growth success area) They had an entrepreneurial character within themselves. Moreover, the adapted to the change as per the growth of their business.b) They had an effective business culture which is considered as very important influential lead neb in a firm. Their enterprise cultures had thorough foundations to grow and were obsessed with the aim of being successful in the long run.c) Also, they had an expert management team and sound pecuniary control systems. The interesting point to note is that these firms knew as why the customers buy from them and not from their competitors.d) Lastly they had very gruelling strategies which helped their firms to lead towards the successes and growth stages (B urns 2006).Also, other reasons to be successful as an entrepreneurial management are as followsa) It should be focussed on the market.b) It requires a financial prudence and specially planning for the cash flow and the future needs for capital.c) It needs a well constructed top management team, before the new ventures requirement and before it can afford one.d) The founder or the entrepreneur should have a decision in respect to his own role, area of work and relationships. (Drucker,2008)Success of a venture also depends on the leadershiphip attributes of an entrepreneur and it is said that the successful business is a reflection of the leader (Advancing women, 2006) However, the business success does not always depend on the leaders vision. This is because a creative entrepreneur develops a product which is in great demand and also produces a product which is efficient and profitable. (Business management, 2008)There are different views of entrepreneurs on the success of a busines s venture.Example It is interesting to note the view of the young entrepreneur Jasdeep Singh Bhatia whose article was selected for the Enterprising British Summit 05. He said that a real entrepreneur has drive and motivation within him and knows his vision (news bbc, 2005) Another example is of the Successful entrepreneur Andy McLoughlin, who believes in his vision and has always followed his father as a role model who inspired him to start his own business (Make your mark, 2009). However in case of Scarlet, who was nominated for Barclays Inspire award said that she was determined and believed in herself to set up business in spite of the difficulties in her life (Ne business, 2009).The above views of different entrepreneurs show that entrepreneurs define success in many different ways and the concept of entrepreneurship is a complex issue.Although the concept of entrepreneurship is difficult to understand, it plays an important role in the success of a nation. Entrepreneurship lea ds to the economic growth in many ways. Entrepreneurs enter and expand the existing markets leading to increased competition and economic efficiency. Also, new markets are often explored by offering innovative products. Statistics have shown that 14% of the entrepreneurs starting a business stated that their product had no direct competition a clear trait of the creation of new markets.Lets consider US as an exampleThe last fifteen years have been robust in the set up of new ventures. Many statistics have shown that in the last ten years new business start ups approached nearly 600, 000 per year. Today, the numbers of businesses in the US have soared more than 20 million and the growth rate is at 2 percent. As per the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), more than half of all businesses employ less than five people and almost 90% of the firms have fewer than 20 people. The s mentioned in the table below give us a better idea in terms of the new jobs created and the size of business in the US from the years 1980 to 1995 (Kuratko and Hodgetts,2007).(SIZE OF BUSINESS)Years New Jobs (000s)20-499Employees500+ Employees1990 19956,85349%27.5%23.5%1988 19902,666153.8-31.9-18.81986 19886,16924.120.855.11984 19864,61135.516.847.71982 19844,31848.827.923.31980 19821,54297.9-2.44.5Table 3 obtain NFIB Small Business Policy Guide (Washington, DC., November 2000), 31From the above statistics we can conclude that the small businesses entrepreneurs have successfully created new jobs leading to the strong economic conditions in the US.However, it is interesting to note that as per the report of minute Economic Research and Information Centre (MERIC) the Small Businesses and the Entrepreneurial harvest-time Companies (EGC) are two different concepts. As per the MERIC report, the owners of EGCs have significant economic effects on a community by accounting for a large creation of new job growth whereas Small Businesses post controlled growth and continu ous profitability (MERIC, 2009).In reference to the US job creation statistics mentioned earlier, one of the reasons for the success of entrepreneurship in the US is due to the strong support of the US Small Business Administration (SBA) to its entrepreneurs. SBA was created in 1953 as an independent agency of the federal state government and has a vast network of partnership of public and private companies. Also, SBA has many loan assist programmes and recently, President Obama came up with the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 to help the small business owners with tax relief plans to overcome the losses (SBA, 2009). Whereas, if we compare support of Indian government to its entrepreneurs, not only there are very few loan programmes available but also no thoughtful initiative was taken in the crisis situation to help entrepreneurs (Business gov, 2009) This is one of the main reasons for the success of the American entrepreneurs and the failure of Indian entrepreneur s.2.5 Entrepreneurship scenario in growing economies and role of affirmsIf situations mentioned above continue in India, the entrepreneurs may highly fail due to less support available. Also, it is also observed that the Indian government shows very low interest to the ideas of individuals.A very good example to support the above statement An individual from India shifted to a small south Asian country as he did not get support from jeopardise Capital funds in India. As a result, this entrepreneur is now moving his company base and will offer employment to the locals of some other country (Trak, 2009). From the above points it is clear that the role of government is very important for the success of entrepreneurs and the country.Support from the banks is also very essential especially in the growing economies for successful entrepreneurship because the bank loans are a source of outside(a) funding for small and long suit size business. Another interesting point is that many en trepreneurship studies involved in the research of emerging economies have suggested that personal relationships and networks with other entrepreneurs, bankers, government, friends and relatives may play an important role for the lending institutions as well as the borrower. A case study of small and medium enterprises in Vietnam showed that different networks accomplish different purposes and therefore it is necessary to ordinate the networks as per the requirements in the various stages of business. As per the research paper, networking with customers and government officials helps (use of bank loan) to improve business performance whereas networking with suppliers and society reduces the need for a bank loan (shown in the below) (Le, N. T. B. Nguyen, T. V. 2009)Bank loan is important for the venture set up. In India, statistics have shown that 41% of the business owners seek for sources of finance. However, the criticism to the bank loan is that a forum of Private Business foun d that winning a bank loan is not an attractive option because only 26% of the people found the charges of bank are good value for money (Deakins and Freel, 2005). Also, there is a problem for the high technology firms to get loan from the banks because the banks require collateral or a good memorial record with business propositions. Most of the fast growing businesses grow due to retained profits (Bhide 2000- p 364- Oxford). If we consider another option of investment, i.e. venture capital with reference to India, venture capitalists firms do not fund for the start up enterprises, unless an IT business. The venture capitalists firm think that IT businesses have good growth prospects in India and therefore are a safe funding option (Silicon India, 2009)Previously we have seen that networking is a crucial element in the success of entrepreneurship. However, another study concluded that if we consider the importance of networking and the three areas network relationships, governa nce and structure, then the focus of network development process over the venture gestation, formation and the growth life cycle of a firm receives less attention2.6 Entrepreneurial personality factors and its importanceIn entrepreneurship, there are several factors that can be controlled besides the personality traits and parents (Knott, 2008). In entrepreneurship it important to understand the personality factors of an entrepreneur. Some studies have concluded that 20% of variance in the intentions of entrepreneur origin can be seen by the personality origin of an entrepreneur. However, this ratio drops down to zero while explaining business success. It is found that the personality factors depend on the start up intentions of an entrepreneur. A group of researchers on the basis of configuration- theory approach observed that the personality characteristics of an entrepreneur gradually decrease from the start up phase to the business growth stage. (Refer 5)Also for the development of the business intentions, correct measures need to be taken in schools and university in order to foster the personality characteristics of an entrepreneur. (Refer 6) (Frank, 2007)In todays world, entrepreneurship besides the start up intentions and the personality characteristics of an entrepreneur is also influenced by the global economy. Trading in the global economy or the international market requires understanding of different cultures, risk taking and economic production methods. The process of internationalisation is a progression of stages and a gradual process which begins from an established domestic market. Traditionally, a small firm enters overseas markets through agents to gain knowledge for opening its own subsidiary firm. Then in the final stage overseas production is started. This is well explained in the diagram belowThe entrepreneurship concept though interesting has many challenges or problems. In 1971, author Frank Knight said that entrepreneurship sound ju dgment is a vivid complement to the theory of the firm. However the challenge is whether the entrepreneurs insight is incorporated or not, as there are problems related to the modelling issues like the judgement and entrepreneurial experimentation (Muzumdar, 2008)2.7 Internationalization of a firm and international entrepreneurshipThe internationalisation process is also influenced by the networks of the entrepreneurs. The knowledge of internationalization can be gained through partnerships or in relation to the business networks. The importance of networks is that they are good source of information, linked to opportunities and vision. Social networks have crucial contribution in making a big difference towards the success. It is noteworthy that the entrepreneurs and the managers understand that firms cannot perform alone and social networks are an important element in a firms international success. Therefore firms should involve in the networking process by taking part in specia lized conferences to promote their credibility in the international market.The diagram below shows the three roles of social networks related to the firm, entrepreneur and the entrepreneurial team and the High Tech Small Medium Enterprises (HTSME). In this it is shown that the information is received from the external sources, mainly through the networks. Then the information is used by the lead entrepreneur and his / her team, based on the foregoing knowledge, experience and thoughts. During this time the information is also gained from t